Screen+Shot+Posting+pgs.+37-42

posting kenny nissan source [] topic mesosaurus an aquatic fish-catching reptile whose fossil remains are found only in black shales of permian age(about 260 million years ago) in eastern south america and southern africa.

Posting by Peter Aziz Source: [] Greenland ice sheets are a body of ice. Wegener and the Greenland Ice sheet was ice crystals that form in the frigid air at the Greenland ice cap and these produce halos. Greenland ice is the second largest ice in the world. The weight of ice has sunk in Greenland. The surface of Greenland is near sea level. If the ice in Greenlands was to melt the place would become an archipelago.
 * Topic: Wegener and the Greenland** **Ice sheet**

Topic: Continental Drift
 * By: Beata Surma**

Post by Evan Lopez Mesosaurus evidence to support movement of continents

Post by Michaela Laws Below Glossopteris

Posted by Nikko Andriotis



I TOTALLY DID THIS ALREADY BUT JUST IN CASE THE PERSON WHO ERASED IT DOESNT GET IT BACK. I WILL DO IT AGAIN //**! Ebboney Wilson: Pangea Source []

Pangea over 200 million years ago was what we called today Earth, they have been shifting slowly ever since. They are now what we called continents. They were all positioned differently and some scientisrt say, that Pangea will happen ago in the far future.

jessica cholewa-[below]

PALEOCLIMATIC EVIDENCE OF HOW CONTINENTAL DRIFT/PANGAEA EVER HAPPENED.  [above just click the blue button and then it will show you the screen shot which is in a microsoft word document because i couldn't get it to paste here-sorry] when u click on the above link the website is on the screen shot so it is cited.
 * did u know that paleo means ancient and climatic means climate? so the term paleoclimatic literally means ancient climate.some paleoclimatic evidence of continental drift/pangaea is that there were glacial deposits that had played a big role in continental drift-wegner stated that he thinks paleozoic glaciation happened by the SUPERCONTINENT OF PANGAEA and that the southern part of the hemisphere of earth was covered in glacial ice. how did the glacial ice happen in the southern hemisphere if the southern part of earth is hot and near the equator? it doesn't really make all that much sense or add up....also a long time ago-about 15-20,000 years ago,is when the last glacial ice happened. now the southern part of earth is warma and hot but back then 15-20,000 years ago it was cool. []

Posting By: Harshang Sheth Topic: Rock types Source: []



Caption: There are three main types of rocks: Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, and Metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks: These rocks are formed when the melted rock are cooled and solidified. Volcanic glass, granite, basalt and andesite porphyry are four types of igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks: These rocks are formed at the surface of Earth, either in water or land. These rocks are layered of sediments, minerals, or animal or plant material. Metamorphic rocks: sedimentary and igneous rocks are subjected at so high pressures, so heat that they are completely changed. These rocks becomes Metamorphic rocks.

posted by jasmin markicic



Posting By: Jackie Mazariegos Topic: Present-day Organism Source: [] Caption: Modern organisms with similar ancestries had to evolve in isolation during the last few millions of years. After the breakup of Pangaea the Australian marsupials followed a different evolutionary path than related life forms in America. Which is why it was believed that the drifting of continents was caused by present-day organisms just like the Australian marsupial. History Isolated petrosals of //Djarthia murgonensis//, Australia's oldest marsupial fossils[3] It was once commonly believed that marsupials were a primitive forerunner of modern placental mammals, but fossil evidence, first presented by researcher M.J. Spechtt in 1982, conflicts with this assumption[//citation needed//]. Instead, both main branches of the mammal tree appear to have evolved concurrently toward the end of the Mesozoic era. In the absence of soft tissues, such as the pouch and reproductive system, fossil marsupials can be distinguished from placentals by the form of their teeth; primitive marsupials possess four pairs of molar teeth in each jaw, whereas placental mammals never have more than three pairs.[4] Using this criterion, the earliest known marsupial is //Sinodelphys szalayi//, which lived in China around 125 million years ago.[5][6][7] This makes it almost contemporary to the earliest placental fossils, which have been found in the same area.[8] The discovery of Chinese marsupials appears to support the idea that marsupials reached Australia via Southeast Asia.[9] There are a few species of marsupials still living in Asia, especially in the Sulawesi region of Indonesia. These marsupials coexist with primates, hooved mammals and other placentals.[//citation needed//] However, due to the fact that Australia and China were separated by the wide Tethys Sea in the early Cretaceous into the Northern continent of Laurasia and Southern continent of Gondwana, marsupials had to take a much longer route around. From their origin in East Laurasia (modern day China), they spread westwards into modern North America (still attached to Eurasia) and skipped across to South America, which was connected to North America up until around 65MYA. Here they radiated into Borhyaenids and Shrew Opossums, creating a unique fauna found in South America and Antarctica (which were connected until 35MYA). Marsupials reached Australia via Antarctica about 50MYA just after Australia had split off, suggesting a single dispersion event of several of just one species, related to South America's Monito del Monte (Microbiothere), rafted across the widening, but still narrow gap between Australia and Antarctica at that time. In Australia, being the only mammals present (except a few Austrosphenids like echidnas and platypuses) they radiated into the wide varieties we see today, even island hopping some way through the Indonesian archipelagos, almost completing a circumnavigation back to their homeland in China. [10] On most continents, placental mammals were much more successful and no marsupials survived, though in South America the opossums retained a strong presence, and the Tertiary saw the genesis of marsupial predators such as the borhyaenids and the saber-toothed //Thylacosmilus//. In Australia, however, marsupials displaced placental mammals entirely, and have since dominated the Australian ecosystem. Marsupial success over placental mammals in Australia has been attributed to their comparatively low metabolic rate, a trait which would prove helpful in the hot Australian climate.[//citation needed//] As a result, native Australian placental mammals (such as hopping mice) are more recent immigrants. 

edit] Description
An early birth removes a developing marsupial from its parent's body much sooner than in placental mammals, and thus marsupials have not developed a complex placenta to protect the embryo from its mother's immune system. Though early birth places the tiny newborn marsupial at a greater environmental risk, it significantly reduces the dangers associated with long pregnancies, as there is no need to carry a large fetus to full-term in bad seasons. Because newborn marsupials must climb up to their mother's nipples, their front limbs are much more developed than the rest of the body at the time of birth. It is possible that this requirement has resulted in the limited range of locomotor adaptations in marsupials compared to placentals. Marsupials must develop a grasping forepaw during their early youth, making the transition from this limb into a hoof, wing, or flipper, as some groups of placental mammals have done, far more difficult. There are about 334 species of marsupial, and over 200 are native to Australia and neighboring northern islands. There are also 100 extant American species; these are centered mostly in South America, but the Great American Interchange has provided Central America with 13 species, and North America with one (the Virginia Opossum). A feature of marsupials (and also monotremes) is that they don't have a gross communication (corpus callosum) between the right and left brain hemisphere.[11] 

edit] Reproductive system
Marsupials' reproductive systems differ markedly from those of placental mammals (//Placentalia//). Females have two lateral vaginas, which lead to separate uteruses, but both open externally through the same orifice. A third canal, the median vagina, is used for birth. This canal can be transitory or permanent.[11] The males generally have a two-pronged penis, which corresponds to the females' two vaginas.[12] The penis is used only for discharging semen into females, and there is instead a urogenital sac used to store waste before expulsion. Pregnant females develop a kind of yolk sac in their wombs, which delivers nutrients to the embryo. Marsupials give birth at a very early stage of development (about 4–5 weeks); after birth, newborn marsupials crawl up the bodies of their mothers and attach themselves to a nipple, which is located inside the //marsupium//. There they remain for a number of weeks, attached to the nipple. The offspring are eventually able to leave the //marsupium// for short periods, returning to it for warmth, protection and nourishment.