Homework+notes+from+pages+305-309


 * ~ Student Name ||~ Student notes go in the space below, you may need to reduce the font size before you past it here. Copy and paste your notes from pages 305-309 into this document, to the right of your name. Be careful and make sure your notes are not too similar to other student's notes, or you could be accused of plagiarism. ||
 * < Fakey McExample ||< == ==

A thesis statement: || ||
 * tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion
 * is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper
 * The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
 * makes a claim that others might dispute
 * is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation
 * < Peter Aziz ||<  ||
 * < Abiola Adun ||< measuring Size of earthquakes
 * The intensity of an earthquake is measured
 * Intensity is a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage
 * Magnitude is the amount of damage done to an area by an earthquake
 * Giuseppe Mercalli developed the modified mercalli intesity scale
 * Charles Richter designed the Richter scale in 1935
 * The largest earthquake ever measure was a 8.9 ||
 * < Nikko Andriotis ||<  ||
 * < Peter Aziz ||< Sizes of Earthquakes.
 * There are many ways to measure earthquakes sizes these days with the use of technology like the seismic systems transmit data from the seismograph gives us so much information about the strength of an earthquake.
 * One method of measure is intensity which is a measure of the degree of an earthquake shaking.
 * The second method of measure is magnitude and this measures the size of an earthquake.
 * The intensity scales 1 for example is the modified Mercalli intensity scale which was made by Giuseppe Mercalli. This is used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.
 * The Richter scale which was made by Charles Richter. This scale is also designed to measure the size of earthquakes. It is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram.
 * Moment magnitude is a precise measure which calculates from field studies of the average amount of displacement among fault where the area of a rupture surface.
 * < Michelle Castaneda ||< Measuring the size of Earthquakes:
 * There are two different measures to describe the size of an earthquake--intensity and magnitude.
 * Intensity is a measure fo the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records.
 * In 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli developed the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
 * [] (Richter and Mercalli scale)
 * In 1935, Charles Richter developed the first magnitude scale using seismic recods to estimate the relative sizes of earthquakes.
 * Moment magnitude is a more precise measure for magnitude. It is calculated using several techniques. One, calculated from field studies using a combination of factors that include the amount of displacement along fault. Second, from seismograms by examining long period of seismic waves.
 * Moment magnitude has been widely accepted because
 * 1) Only magnitude scale that estimates adequately the size of very large Earthquakes
 * 2) A measure that can be derived mathermatically from the size of the rupture surface and the amount of diplacement
 * 3) It can be verified by two independent methods--field studies that are based on measurements of fault displacement and by seismographic methods using long-period waves. ||
 * < Ashly Chacko ||<  ||
 * < Jessica Cholewa ||<  ||
 * < Monica Dudzik ||< Measuring the size of Earthquakes
 * intensity and magnitude are the methods to obtain the size of an earthquake.
 * Intensity- a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude- relies on calculations that ude data provided by the seismic records.
 * Intensity method was developed when Italian earthquake hit in 1857.
 * It was calculated by the damage done aroung the country, where the damage was the most sever the epicenter was close.
 * scientists made many different intensity scales, but in 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli developed the most relieble intensity scale which is still used today.
 * Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale- developed using California buildings but can be used in US and Canada.
 * Intensity scales have severe drawbacks where there are no seismographs and are based on the effect of the earthquake.
 * Richter Magnitude Scale was the first magnitude scale and it used seismic records, its based on amplitude of the largest wave.
 * The scale has no limits but the largest on recorded was 8.9/ ||
 * < Erik Guevera ||<  ||
 * < Camelia Hammad ||< Measuring the Size of Earthquakes
 * Intensity- a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude- relies on calculations that use data provided by seismic records.
 * Intensity and magnitude provide useful, although quite different, information about earthquake strength.
 * By 1902, Giuseppe Mercalli had developed a relatively reliable intensity scale, which in a modified form is still use today, th Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale.
 * Despite their usefulness in providing seismologists with a tool to compare earthquakes severity, particularity in regions where there are no seismographs, intensity scales have severe drawbacks.
 * Based on effect of earthquakes that depend not only on the severity of the ground shaking but also on factors such as population density.
 * Richter scale is based on the amplitudr of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismograph. ||
 * < Sarah Hernandez ||< On pgs. 305-309, this section explains the depths of earth quakes, what magnitude and intensity are, how earthquakes are identified by given of magnitude and how they are catergorized for a certain scale.

> -Moment Magnitude is how much strian energy a rock stores before it slips and the energy is released in the form of an earthquake. -Richter scale: Created to monitor station in locations that would measure magnitude for every earthquake that appears. Magnitudes of 2 or less are not felt by humans -Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale: created to estimate the strength of an earthquake and is based on effects of larger destruction with factors of population, buildings and nature surface materials. -Richter Magnitude: is based on amplitude of large seismic waves recorded from seismogram -Intensity is the measure of and earthquake shaking based on amount of damage. -Magnitude: data recorded by seismic records that tell the amount of energy released from the source of an earthquake. ||
 * Evidence of seismic records show where earthquakes originate at depths from 5-70km. Earthquake depths are catergorized by their depths: shallow (less than 70km), intermediate (70-300km), and deep ( 300km or more).
 * Earthquakes that are created at the oceanic ridge system have a shallow focus.
 * Earthquakes deep focus earthquakes can be found in the circum of the pacific belt, known as deep ocean trenches.
 * Foci depths increase with increasing distances frm deep ocean trenches.
 * Wadati-Benioff zones- Chile- Peru trench.
 * Two different measures- __Intensity__: measure of the degree earthquake shaking at a given location based on the amount of damage. __Magnitude:__measurement that is developed which is depended on calculation that use data provided by seismic records.
 * Richter scale: measurements from <0.2-8.0
 * Moment magnitude: more precise measure
 * Modified Mercalli: I-XII (roman numerals) ratings based on visual damage.
 * Region within 20-50 km of epicenter will experience the same degree of ground shaking. ||
 * < Ola Kasprzyk ||<  ||
 * < Micki Laws ||< **Measuring the Size of Earthquakes**
 * **//Intensity -// a measure of the degree of an earthquake's damage in an area.**
 * **//Magnitude -// the amount of damage done to an area by an earthquake.**
 * **//Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale -// A system of measuring intensity based on sole reactions and damage to an earthquake.**
 * **//Richter scale -// A magnitude scale using seismic records.**
 * **//Moment Magnitude -// a more precise magnitude measurement.**
 * **//Moment Magnitude -// a more precise magnitude measurement.**
 * Both intensity and magnitude provide very different but very useful information about the strength and/or size of an earthquake.
 * Science came into play with earthquakes in 1857
 * Giuseppe Mercalli formed the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale in 1902
 * Charles Richter, in 1935, formed the Richter Scale.
 * The largest magnitude of an Earthquake was measured on a Wood-Anderson seismograph as a level 8.9 quake. ||
 * < Evan Lopez ||< Earthquake Measuring:
 * < Pedro Lopez ||<  ||
 * < Jasmin Markicic ||<  ||
 * < Jaclyn Mazariegos ||<  ||
 * < Nigel Milosevic ||<  ||
 * < Ermin Murati ||< Measuring the Size of Earthquakes

-Intensity is a measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage. -Magnitude uses data to provide records in the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. -The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed using California biuldings as it standard, but is apprpriate for use throughout most of the U.S. and Canada to estimate the strength of an Earthquake. -To compare earthquakes across the globe, you need to measure that deos not rely on parameters that vary considerably from one part of the world to another. -The study of nearby earthquake is denoted by the symbol M^L, where M is for the Magnitude and L is for Local. -In recent years seismologists have been employing a more precise measure called moment magnitude, which can be calculated using several techniques. -The moment magnitude can also be readily calculated from seismograms by examining very long period seismic walves. ||
 * < Kenny Nissan ||< Measure the Size of Earthquakes
 * You can use seismic systems that transmit data from seismographs
 * You can check the intensity and magnitude in which help see the earthquakes size
 * The first attempt of measuring the intensity of the earthquake came from the great Italian earthquake in 1857.
 * By 1902 Giuseppe Mercalli had developed a relatively reliable intensity scale, that is still used today.
 * Intensity-the measure of the degree of the earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * Magnitude-An estimate of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake, based on seismic records.
 * Charles Richter invented the richter scale
 * Richter Scale-is a magnitude scale using seismic records
 * Largest magnitude of an earthquake was at a level of 8.9
 * The Modified Mercalli Intensity scale was developed using california buildings as the standard, but still can be used through out the United States and Canada. ||
 * < Thomas Osvath ||<  ||
 * < Harshang Sheth ||< Earthquakes East of the Rockies:
 * Six major earthquakes have occured in the central and eastern United States
 * Three of them had Richter magnitudes of 7.5, 7.3, and 7.8. These earthquakes were occured near the Mississppi River valley in December 1811, January 1812, and February 1812.
 * These earthquakes destroyed the town of New Madrid, Missouri, triggered landslides, damaged about the six states of the area, and altered the course of the Mississippi River.
 * The greatest eastern state earthquake occured in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1886. This earthquake caused 60 deaths and economic loss within 200 km.
 * Within 8 minutes vibrations shook the upper floors of buildings in Chicago and St. Louis.
 * New England and adjacent areas have experienced some shocks since colonial time.
 * New York has experienced more than 300 earthquakes that were large to be felt by humans.
 * The damages took place because the underlying bedrock in the central and estern United states is older and more rigid. ||
 * < Jahde Smith ||<  ||
 * < Becka Surma ||< Measuring the Size of Earthquakes
 * Intesity and magnitude are 2 different measures that are needed to describe the size of an earthquake
 * **Intensity** is a meaure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage.
 * **Magnitude** relies on calculations from the seismic records to estimate teh amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake.
 * The first attempt to descirbe the effect of an earthquake came after the geat Italian earthquake.
 * THe map generated, employed lines to connect planes of equal damage and hence equal intensity.
 * **Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale**: Made by Guiseppe Mercalli, a relatively reliable intensity scale
 * Intensity scales are not that good becayse they are based on the effects of earthquakes that depend on the severity of the shaking but also population, building design, and natural factors.
 * A number of magnitude scales were developed because they needed ones that didnt rely on parameter, such as types of construction around the world
 * **Richter Scale** is based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded on a seismogram, Richter developed a method that accounted for the decrease in wave amplitude with increased distance.
 * Differenet recording stations would get a little different magnitudes because of the variation in rock types through which the waves travel.
 * Largest magnitude recorded was 8.9. 2.0 are not felt by humans( but by the richter scale)
 * The convenience of describing an earthquake by size was that it could be calculated quickly by seismograms.
 * The "Richter-Like" scales didnt measure large earthqaukes very well.
 * **Moment Magnitude**:more precise measure that can be calculated from seismograms by examining very long period seismic waves
 * THe magnitudes changed, using the Richter scale( from 8.3 to 7.9 and from 8.3 to 9.2)
 * Moment magnitude has gained the acceptance among engineers and seismologists ||
 * < Ebboney Wilson ||< Measuring the Size of Earthquakes * Intensity- the measure of the degree of earthquake shaking at a given locale based on the amount of damage
 * 2 different measures used to measure and describe the size of an earhtquake
 * Magnitude- uses data provided by seismic ways to estimate the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake
 * The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale was developed using californias buildings as its standard
 * very helpful for seismographers!
 * earthquakes vary in strength, and to tell the size of these earthquakes they use the Richer Scale
 * Moment Magnitude it can be calulated using several techniques
 * can calculate the displacment along the fault, shear strength and how much strain energy a rock can store b4 it suddenly slips and releases this energy ( heat)
 * The "Richer -like) scale are adequate for describing very large earthquakes ||